Although research points to the importance of both child academic beliefs and parental educational values, it is less clear how parental educational aspirations and child academic self-concept reciprocally relate to each other across childhood and adolescence. The same holds for children's academic self-concept and educational attainment, which represent longitudinal predictors for academic adjustment (Ehm et al., 2019 Lazarides et al., 2015 Marsh & Martin, 2011 Marsh et al., 2005 Weidinger et al., 2018). Children's educational success is in turn a strong predictor of their income across the adult life (Tamborini et al., 2015). Previous research has gathered substantial evidence that educational expectations and aspirations parents hold for their offspring are associated with children's educational success (for a review, see Yamamoto & Holloway, 2010). root mean square error of approximation.random intercept cross-lagged panel model.
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